无意的行动是罕见的事件，难以精确定义，并且高度依赖于动作的时间背景。在这项工作中，我们探讨了此类行动，并试图确定视频中的观点，这些动作从故意到无意中过渡。我们提出了一个多阶段框架，该框架利用了固有的偏见，例如运动速度，运动方向和为了识别无意的行动。为了通过自我监督的训练来增强表示，我们提出了时间转变，称为时间转变，称为无意义行动固有偏见（T2IBUA）的时间转变。多阶段方法对各个帧和完整剪辑的级别进行了时间信息。这些增强的表示表现出强烈的无意行动识别任务的表现。我们对我们的框架进行了广泛的消融研究，并报告结果对最先进的结果有了显着改善。

尽管近年来行动认可取得了令人印象深刻的结果，但视频培训数据的收集和注释仍然很耗时和成本密集。因此，已经提出了图像到视频改编，以利用无标签的Web图像源来适应未标记的目标视频。这提出了两个主要挑战：（1）Web图像和视频帧之间的空间域移动； （2）图像和视频数据之间的模态差距。为了应对这些挑战，我们提出了自行车域的适应（CYCDA），这是一种基于周期的方法，用于通过在图像和视频中利用图像和视频中的联合空间信息来适应无监督的图像到视频域，另一方面，训练一个独立的时空模型，用于弥合模式差距。我们在每个周期中的两者之间的知识转移之间在空间和时空学习之间交替。我们在基准数据集上评估了图像到视频的方法，以及用于实现最新结果的混合源域的适应性，并证明了我们的循环适应性的好处。

一致性正则化是半监督学习（SSL）最广泛使用的技术之一。通常，目的是培训一种模型，该模型是各种数据增强的模型。在本文中，我们重新审视了这个想法，并发现通过减少来自不同增强图像之间的特征之间的距离来实现不变性，导致性能提高。然而，通过增加特征距离来鼓励其令人鼓舞，而是提高性能。为此，我们通过一个简单但有效的技术，专长的技术提出了一种改进的一致性正则化框架，它分别施加了对分类器和特征级别的一致性和增义。实验结果表明，我们的模型定义了各种数据集和设置的新技术，并以最高的余量优于以前的工作，特别是在低数据制度中。进行了广泛的实验以分析该方法，并将发布代码。

Novel topological spin textures, such as magnetic skyrmions, benefit from their inherent stability, acting as the ground state in several magnetic systems. In the current study of atomic monolayer magnetic materials, reasonable initial guesses are still needed to search for those magnetic patterns. This situation underlines the need to develop a more effective way to identify the ground states. To solve this problem, in this work, we propose a genetic-tunneling-driven variance-controlled optimization approach, which combines a local energy minimizer back-end and a metaheuristic global searching front-end. This algorithm is an effective optimization solution for searching for magnetic ground states at extremely low temperatures and is also robust for finding low-energy degenerated states at finite temperatures. We demonstrate here the success of this method in searching for magnetic ground states of 2D monolayer systems with both artificial and calculated interactions from density functional theory. It is also worth noting that the inherent concurrent property of this algorithm can significantly decrease the execution time. In conclusion, our proposed method builds a useful tool for low-dimensional magnetic system energy optimization.

The release of ChatGPT, a language model capable of generating text that appears human-like and authentic, has gained significant attention beyond the research community. We expect that the convincing performance of ChatGPT incentivizes users to apply it to a variety of downstream tasks, including prompting the model to simplify their own medical reports. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an exploratory case study. In a questionnaire, we asked 15 radiologists to assess the quality of radiology reports simplified by ChatGPT. Most radiologists agreed that the simplified reports were factually correct, complete, and not potentially harmful to the patient. Nevertheless, instances of incorrect statements, missed key medical findings, and potentially harmful passages were reported. While further studies are needed, the initial insights of this study indicate a great potential in using large language models like ChatGPT to improve patient-centered care in radiology and other medical domains.

Efficient surrogate modelling is a key requirement for uncertainty quantification in data-driven scenarios. In this work, a novel approach of using Sparse Random Features for surrogate modelling in combination with self-supervised dimensionality reduction is described. The method is compared to other methods on synthetic and real data obtained from crashworthiness analyses. The results show a superiority of the here described approach over state of the art surrogate modelling techniques, Polynomial Chaos Expansions and Neural Networks.

Purpose: Tracking the 3D motion of the surgical tool and the patient anatomy is a fundamental requirement for computer-assisted skull-base surgery. The estimated motion can be used both for intra-operative guidance and for downstream skill analysis. Recovering such motion solely from surgical videos is desirable, as it is compliant with current clinical workflows and instrumentation. Methods: We present Tracker of Anatomy and Tool (TAToo). TAToo jointly tracks the rigid 3D motion of patient skull and surgical drill from stereo microscopic videos. TAToo estimates motion via an iterative optimization process in an end-to-end differentiable form. For robust tracking performance, TAToo adopts a probabilistic formulation and enforces geometric constraints on the object level. Results: We validate TAToo on both simulation data, where ground truth motion is available, as well as on anthropomorphic phantom data, where optical tracking provides a strong baseline. We report sub-millimeter and millimeter inter-frame tracking accuracy for skull and drill, respectively, with rotation errors below 1{\deg}. We further illustrate how TAToo may be used in a surgical navigation setting. Conclusion: We present TAToo, which simultaneously tracks the surgical tool and the patient anatomy in skull-base surgery. TAToo directly predicts the motion from surgical videos, without the need of any markers. Our results show that the performance of TAToo compares favorably to competing approaches. Future work will include fine-tuning of our depth network to reach a 1 mm clinical accuracy goal desired for surgical applications in the skull base.

Selecting the number of topics in LDA models is considered to be a difficult task, for which alternative approaches have been proposed. The performance of the recently developed singular Bayesian information criterion (sBIC) is evaluated and compared to the performance of alternative model selection criteria. The sBIC is a generalization of the standard BIC that can be implemented to singular statistical models. The comparison is based on Monte Carlo simulations and carried out for several alternative settings, varying with respect to the number of topics, the number of documents and the size of documents in the corpora. Performance is measured using different criteria which take into account the correct number of topics, but also whether the relevant topics from the DGPs are identified. Practical recommendations for LDA model selection in applications are derived.

Previous work has shown the potential of deep learning to predict renal obstruction using kidney ultrasound images. However, these image-based classifiers have been trained with the goal of single-visit inference in mind. We compare methods from video action recognition (i.e. convolutional pooling, LSTM, TSM) to adapt single-visit convolutional models to handle multiple visit inference. We demonstrate that incorporating images from a patient's past hospital visits provides only a small benefit for the prediction of obstructive hydronephrosis. Therefore, inclusion of prior ultrasounds is beneficial, but prediction based on the latest ultrasound is sufficient for patient risk stratification.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. One of the prognostic features in prostate cancer is the Gleason grading of histopathology images. The Gleason grade is assigned based on tumor architecture on Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained whole slide images (WSI) by the pathologists. This process is time-consuming and has known interobserver variability. In the past few years, deep learning algorithms have been used to analyze histopathology images, delivering promising results for grading prostate cancer. However, most of the algorithms rely on the fully annotated datasets which are expensive to generate. In this work, we proposed a novel weakly-supervised algorithm to classify prostate cancer grades. The proposed algorithm consists of three steps: (1) extracting discriminative areas in a histopathology image by employing the Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) algorithm based on Transformers, (2) representing the image by constructing a graph using the discriminative patches, and (3) classifying the image into its Gleason grades by developing a Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN) based on the gated attention mechanism. We evaluated our algorithm using publicly available datasets, including TCGAPRAD, PANDA, and Gleason 2019 challenge datasets. We also cross validated the algorithm on an independent dataset. Results show that the proposed model achieved state-of-the-art performance in the Gleason grading task in terms of accuracy, F1 score, and cohen-kappa. The code is available at https://github.com/NabaviLab/Prostate-Cancer.